NCERT solution for class 10// Science // Chapter 6 - Life processes

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NCERT solution for class 10//   Science // Chapter 6 -   Life processes

Page number 95 

Q1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organism like humans 

Answer- In multicellular organisms the body is made up of many cells and all the cells are not come indirectly contact with outer atmosphere so to fulfill their  oxygen requirement the diffusion is insufficient .

Q2. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive? 

Answer- To decide whether something is alive we use observation of micro molecular movement

Q3. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism ?

Answer- The outside raw material used by organisms is carbon based and organism used it for their food

Q4. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life ?

Answer- The processes like nutrition and respiration transportation excretion all these are essential for life

Page number 101. 

Q5. What are the difference between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition 

Answer-  

Autotrophic nutrition 

  • In this type of Nutrition the organism for plants prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis is called autotrophic nutrition 
  • Ex- Green plants , Cynobacteria etc. 

Heterotrophic nutrition 

  • The nutrition in which organism completely or partially depend on the other organism for food purpose is called heterotrophic nutrition \
  • Example - Birds ,Human ,Monkey ,Dog etc.

Q6. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis ?

Answer-. Plant get each of the raw material required for photosynthesis in following way 

  • Carbon dioxide from air 
  • Water and minerals from soil 
  • Sunlight from Sun 
  • And chlorophyll that is photosynthesis pigment are present in plant leaves

Q7. What is the role of the acid in our stomach ?

Answer- Stomach is useful to kill the microorganism which enter in stomach due to bad food habits it also activates the inactive enzymes and help in digestion

Q8. What is the function of digestive enzymes ?

Answer- Digestive enzyme breakdown the complex food component into simple food component 

  • Carbohydrate breakdown in the form of glucose 
  • Protein breakdown in the form of amino acid 
  • Fats breakdown In the form of fatty acid or glycerol

Q9. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food ?

Answer- The walls of small intestine absorb the digested food it is designed to provide maximum area for absorption of digested food and its transferred into blood for its circulation into all body parts for this purpose the inner lining of the small intestine has a finger like projections called villi and microvilli these villi increases the surface area of absorption and transferred  it by blood vessels

Page number 105 

Q10. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration ?

Answer-  Aquatic animals use the dissolved oxygen in water and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water is low therefore the  rate of respiration or breathing is more as compared to terrestrial animals

 Q11. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms ? 

Answer- Glucose is oxidised to provide energy into two forms 

a) In first condition it oxidized  aerobically in presence of oxygen in mitochondria and produce large amount of energy 

b) In second condition it oxidized an aerobically in in absence of oxygen in cytoplasm and produce least amount of energy 

Q12. How is Oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings ?

Answer- Oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings through blood. In transportation of oxygen it is combined with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin and transported while carbon dioxide is transported through blood in dissolved state

Q13. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases ?

Answer -  Lungs of the human being contain a balloon like structure called alveoli .It is the thin walled cell structure and contain the large network of the blood vessels that's why they provide maximum surface area for the exchange of gases

Page number 110 

Q14. What are the components of the transport system in human beings ? What are the functions of these components?

Answer- The components of transport system of human bodies are blood lymph and heart 

Blood - 

Blood transported food Oxygen two cells and carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from cells 

Lymph 

Lymph absorb digested fat and transport it to various parts of body 

Heart 

It pumps the blood to various parts of body

Q15. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the mammals and birds ?

Answer-  Mammals and birds are included in warm blooded categories so they need to continuously supply of energy to maintain their inner body temperature and for this oxygen is required and it is possible only when the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood kept separated

Q16. What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants ?

Answer- There are two main components of transport system in highly organised plants these are xylem and phloem 

  • Xylem conducts the water and dissolved minerals observed from soils and provide to various parts of plant 
  • Phloem collect the food materials from leaves and transported it to various parts of plant

Q17. How are water and minerals transported in plants? 

Answer- Water and minerals are transported in plant body through xylem tissue these tissue to conduct the water and dissolved mineral absorbed from soil and transported to various parts of plant it is the upward movement of particles

Q18 . How is food transported in plants?

Answer- Food is transported in plants through phloem tissue and it is the downward movement

Page number 112 

Q19 . Describe the structure and Functioning of of nephrons ?

Answer- . 

Structure of nephron 

It is a basic filtering unit in kidney . It consists of a cup like structure called bowman's capsule in it blood capillaries are present is called glomerulus and collectively it called malphigian body below the bowman's capsule a tubular part is present that contain the ascending and descending limb that we called the Henles loop it is joined to distal convoluted tubule and finally it connect to the collecting duct 

Function of nephron 

  • Nephron is a functional unit of excretory system 
  • The glomerulus region filter the blood 
  • It removes harmful substance from the body that contain nitrogen waste 
  • This answer maintained water balance by the observing the water and some minerals 
  • Collecting duct collect the urine and passes it to ureter

Q20. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products ?

Answer- The methods are used by plants to get rid of excretory products are as follow .

  • Gaseous waste that is carbon dioxide and oxygen are removed through stomata in leaves and lenticles on stem 
  • Excess of water removed by transpiration 
  • Some waste products are stored in the form of raisins and gums 
  • Waste product are stored in leaves ,bark and in other plant of part which form of  or get rid of by plants

Q21. How is the amount of of urine produced regulated ?

Answer- The amount of urine is depend on the how much excess waste is produced in the body and intake of the water. 

Exercise 

Q1. The kidneys in human being are a part of the system for 

a) Nutrition 

b) Respiration 

c) Excretion 

d) Transportation 

Answer - Excretion

Q2. Xylem in plants are responsible for 

a) Transport of water

 b)Transport of food

c) Transport of amino acid 

d) Transport of oxygen  

Answer- Transport of water

Q3. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires 

a) Carbon dioxide and water 

b) Chlorophyll 

c) Sunlight  

d) All the above 

Answer - All the above

Q4. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide water and energy takes place in 

a) Cytoplasm 

b) Mitochondria 

c) Chloroplast  

d) Nucleus  

Answer- Mitochondria

Q5. How are fats digested in our bodies? where does this process take place?

Answer- The complete digestion of fat takes place in the upper part of small intestine it receives the bile juice and break down the fats molecule into small globules by the enzyme action this process is called emulsification the small intestine contain enzyme lipase which is finally breakdown the fats into fatty acids and glycerol and completing the fat digestion

Q6. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?

Answer- Saliva is secreted by salivary gland present in mouth The Saliva contain the enzyme salivary amylase which break down the starch into maltose and it is responsible for the 70% digestion of carbohydrate

Q7. What are the necessary condition for the topic nutrition and what are its by-products ? 

Answer- The necessary condition for the autotrophic nutrition are are water sunlight carbon dioxide and chlorophyll all these are required for the process of photosynthesis and the by product of autotrophic Nutrition is Oxygen which is released in atmosphere through stomata

Q8. What are the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration ?

Answer- Aerobic respiration 

  • Aerobic respiration takes place in presence of oxygen 
  • Complete oxidation of glucose takes place here 
  • Aerobic respiration completed in both organelles that is in mitochondria and in cytoplasm 
  • It produce 38 ATP from one glucose molecule 
  • 673 kilo calorie energy is released  
  • This process can be represented as

  • C6 H12O6 + 6O2        →  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 673 kcal

Anaerobic respiration 

  • Anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of oxygen 
  • It is incomplete oxidation of glucose molecule 
  • This process is completed only in cytoplasm 
  • Only 2 ATP molecules are formed by one molecule of glucose 
  • 21 kilo calorie energy is released 
  • This process can be represented by 

  • C6 H12 O6    →    C2 H5- OH +CO2 + 21 kcal 

Q9. How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases ?

Answer- The trachea is divided into bronchus and bronchus is again divided into bronchioles and these bronchioles terminate with the balloon like structure called alveoli This made up of thin moist membrane which is richly supplied with blood vessels and it provide the large surface area for the gaseous exchange

Q10. What would be the consequence of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies? 

Answer- Hemoglobin is bind with oxygen and transport it to various parts of the body if the deficiency of hemoglobin is referred in body then it cause anaemia and in such conditions blood unable to carry sufficient amount of oxygen as required by the body and it would  cause less respiration also less energy is liberated in anaemia the person feel weak, skin become pale, person easily tired and unable to perform the heavy physical work

Q11. Describe double circulation of blood in human beings why is it necessary ?

Answer- In double circulation the blood passes through heart twice and complete one cycle of circulation 

It completed in two cycles  

Pulmonary circulation 

In this type of circulation the deoxygenated blood in  right ventricle is pushed towards the lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery and after adding oxygen it is brought back to the left atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins 

Systematic circulation 

In systematic circulation the oxygen oxygenated blood through left atrium to left ventricle and after that it transported to different body parts through aorta

Q12. What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem 

Answer- 

Transport in xylem 

  • Xylem transport water and minerals in plants 
  • The water movement is unidirectional and it is in upward direction 
  • For the movement of water diffusion and transpiration pull is responsible .
  • Movement of water particles carried out  by xylem vessels and tracheids 

Transport in phloem 

  • Phloem transport and food produced by green Leaves in the form of sugar amino acid and other organic substance 
  • The movement of the substance is multidirectional and downward 
  • Energy is required for the translocation in the form of ATP 
  • Trees carried out boy Sieve tubes and companion cells

Q13. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning ?

Answer- Alveoli in lungs 

  •  It is balloon like structure found in lungs 
  • It is thin wall and surrounded by large network of blood vessels
  • It provides large surface area for exchange of gases 
  • The gases exchange through the phenomenon of diffusion 
  • A large number of alveoli are present in the lungs

Nephrons in the kidneys 

  • These are long coiled tube like structure present in cortex region of kidney 
  • It help to filter the waste from blood so harmful products are are removed 
  • It contain the bundle of blood capillaries called glomerulus and a tubular part where  reabsorption of useful substance takes place  
  • It takes place only selective reabsorption of useful substance 
  • Nephron very small in size but they are million in number in each kidney




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